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Chapter 20: Vocabulary Building Techniques | English Grammer in Hinglish

• ⏱ 3 min read

Chapter 20: Vocabulary Enrichment

Sirf grammar seekhna kaafi nahi hai; fluency ke liye aapki vocabulary (shabd-bhandar) ka rich hona zaroori hai. Yahan kuch proven techniques hain:

1. Root Words (Buniyadi Shabdon Se Naya Seekhna) ๐ŸŒฑ

English ke bahut saare words Latin ya Greek ke Root Words se bante hain. Agar aap Root Word ka matlab samajh lete hain, toh aap usse bane kayi naye words ka matlab khud hi jaan sakte hain.

Root Word Matlab (Hinglish) Example Words Meaning (Hinglish)
Aud Sunna (Hear) Audio, Auditorium, Audience Awaaz, Hall jahan suna jata hai, Sunne wale log.
Scope Dekhna (View) Telescope, Microscope Door ki cheez dekhna, Choti cheez dekhna.
Bio Zindagi (Life) Biology, Biography Jeevan ka adhyayan, Jeevan ki kahani.
Cede/Ceed Jaana (Go) Exceed, Precede Aage jaana, Pehle aana.

2. Context Mein Seekhna (Using the Word in a Sentence) ๐Ÿ“

Sirf word aur uska matlab yaad karna bekar hai. Word ko hamesha sentence ke context mein seekhein.

  • Wrong Way: Garrulous = Talkative (Baatuni).
  • Right Way: My colleague is so garrulous; he talks too much during meetings. (Yahan aapko pata chala ki Garrulous ka use **negative tareeke** se bhi ho sakta hai.)

Rule:

Jab bhi naya word seekhein, uske **teen (3) alag sentences** bana kar **turant use** karein.

3. Synonyms Aur Antonyms (Similar Aur Opposite Words) ๐Ÿ‘ฏ

Words ko **groups mein seekhne** se woh zyada jaldi yaad hote hain. Ek word ko uske **Synonyms (similar)** aur **Antonyms (opposite)** words se jodo.

  • Ek word: Happy
  • Synonyms (similar words): Joyful, Cheerful, Delighted, Ecstatic.
  • Antonyms (opposite words): Sad, Miserable, Gloomy, Downcast.

Isse aap ek hi baar mein **paanch (5) se zyada words** sikhate hain.

4. Spaced Repetition (Doosra Kehna: Thoda-Thoda Yaad Karna) ๐Ÿ”„

Hamara dimaag us information ko bhool jaata hai jise woh baar-baar nahi dekhta. **Spaced Repetition** ka matlab hai **interval par revise** karna:

  • Aaj naya word seekha.
  • Use **10 minute baad** revise kiya.
  • Use **1 din baad, 3 din baad, 7 din baad,** aur phir **1 mahine baad** revise kiya.

Aise karne se, woh word aapki **long-term memory** mein chala jaata hai.

5. Vocabulary Notebook Aur Visuals ๐Ÿ–ผ️

  • Vocabulary Notebook: Ek choti notebook banao. Har page par **ek naya word, uska matlab, aur ek (ya do) example sentence** likho.
  • Visuals: Agar word **'melancholy' (udaasi)** hai, toh uske saath udaasi wali photo ya drawing banao. **Visuals se words jaldi dimaag mein register** hote hain.

๐Ÿ”‘ Chapter 20 Takeaway

Vocabulary ek **continuous process** hai, jo kabhi nahi rukta. **Root Words** aur **Context** mein seekhne se aapki learning speed **exponentially badh** jaati hai. **Roz 5 naye words** seekhne ka target rakhiye aur unhein **bol-chaal mein use** kijiye. All the best! ๐Ÿ˜‰

Chapter 19: Idioms & Phrases | English Grammer in Hinglish

• ⏱ 3 min read

Chapter 19: Idioms & Phrases

Idioms aur Phrases aise groups of words hote hain jinka matlab unke individual words ke matlab se **alag hota hai**. Inka use aapki English ko **fluent aur advanced** banata hai.

1. Idioms (Muhavare) – Kya Hain?

Idioms aise expressions hote hain jinhe **literally (shabd-ba-shabd) translate nahi** kiya ja sakta.

Idiom Actual Meaning (Hinglish) Example (Hinglish)
Bite the bullet Mushkil situation ko **himmat se face karna**. Humein nuksaan ko swikaar karke **aage badhna hoga**. ($\rightarrow$ We have to **bite the bullet**.)
Break the ice Do anjaan logon ke beech **conversation shuru karna**. Usne ek joke suna kar **mahol halka kiya**. ($\rightarrow$ He **broke the ice**.)
Under the weather **Beemar** ya theek na mehsoos karna. Main aaj office nahi aaunga, main **theek mehsoos nahi kar raha**. ($\rightarrow$ I am **under the weather**.)
Cost an arm and a leg **Bahut zyada mehenga** hona. Yeh naya phone **bahut zyada mehenga hai**. ($\rightarrow$ It **costs an arm and a leg**.)
Once in a blue moon Bahut hi **kam, kabhi-kabhi hi** hona. Woh apni family se **bahut kam milne aata hai**. ($\rightarrow$ He visits **once in a blue moon**.)

2. Common Phrases (Roz ki Bol-Chaal Ke Liye) ๐Ÿ—ฃ️

Phrases woh groups of words hote hain jo ek saath use hote hain, jinka matlab clear hota hai.

Phrase Matlab (Hinglish) Example (Hinglish)
A dime a dozen Bahut **aam/Common**. Aisi choti-moti galti toh **aam baat hai**. ($\rightarrow$ Such mistakes are **a dime a dozen**.)
All ears **Dhyan se sunna**. Bolo, main **dhyan se sun raha hoon**. ($\rightarrow$ Tell me, I'm **all ears**.)
At all costs **Har keemat par**. Hamein yeh project **har keemat par** pura karna hai. ($\rightarrow$ We must finish this **at all costs**.)
Take it easy **Relax** karna. Tension mat lo, thoda **aaram karo**. ($\rightarrow$ **Take it easy**.)
To make up for **Nuksaan ki bharpaai karna**. Hum yeh gift dekar apni galti ki **bharpaai karna chahte hain**. ($\rightarrow$ We want to **make up for** our mistake.)

3. Proverbs (Kahawatein) – Life Lesson ๐Ÿ˜‡

Proverbs woh chote sentences hote hain jo life ki **wisdom (gyaan)** batate hain.

Proverb Matlab (Hinglish) Example (Hinglish)
Actions speak louder than words. Kehne se zyada **karke dikhana zaroori hai**. Uske waadon par vishwas mat karo, uske kaam dekho. ($\rightarrow$ **Actions speak louder than words**.)
The early bird catches the worm. Jo **pehle shuru karta hai**, usse zyada fayda hota hai. Jaldi utho aur kaam shuru karo, kyunki **fayda uthane wala hi safal hota hai**.
Where there's a will, there's a way. Jahan **chah hai, wahan raah hai**. Chahe kitni bhi mushkil ho, agar **iraada mazboot hai toh raasta mil hi jaata hai**.

๐Ÿ”‘ Chapter 19 Takeaway

Idioms aur Phrases aapki English ko **interesting** banaate hain. Inhein **yaad karne ke bajaye, context mein samjhiye** aur **bolchaal mein use karna shuru kijiye**, tabhi **fluency** aayegi. Start speaking like a pro! ๐Ÿ˜‰

Chapter 18: Common Errors in English | English Grammer in Hinglish

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Chapter 18: Common Errors in English

Is chapter mein hum usage, preposition, aur expression se related galti dekhenge, jinko theek karne se aapki English **naturally correct** ho jaegi.

1. Adjective Aur Adverb Ki Galti

Jaisa ki humne Chapter 4 mein dekha tha, Good aur Well ka farak aam galti hai.

Error (Galat) Correction (Sahi) Logic (Kyun?)
My brother performed good. My brother performed well. 'Performed' (Verb) ko **Adverb (well)** describe karta hai, Adjective (*good*) nahi.
He is speaking fluent. He is speaking fluently. 'Speaking' (Verb) ko **Adverb (fluently)** describe karta hai.

2. Tense Aur V-Form Ki Galtiyan ๐Ÿ•ฐ️

Past aur Perfect Tense mein aksar galti hoti hai.

Error (Galat) Correction (Sahi) Logic (Kyun?)
I have went to Delhi. I have gone to Delhi. Perfect Tense hamesha **V3 (gone)** leta hai, V2 (*went*) nahi.
I have seen the movie yesterday. I saw the movie yesterday. Agar time (yesterday) diya hai, toh **Simple Past (V2)** use karein, Present Perfect nahi.
He is knowing the answer. He knows the answer. **State Verbs** (*know, believe, like*) ko Continuous Tense mein use nahi karte.

3. Preposition Ki Galtiyan ๐Ÿ“

Preposition ke misuse se matlab pura badal jaata hai.

Error (Galat) Correction (Sahi) Logic (Kyun?)
He is married with a doctor. He is married to a doctor. 'Married' ke saath hamesha **to** use hota hai, *with* nahi.
I am going in the market. I am going to the market. Destination batane ke liye **to** use hota hai. (*In* andar hona batata hai.)
She is waiting you. She is waiting for you. 'Wait' ke saath **'for' zaroori** hai. (Aksar log hata dete hain.)
He suddenly came across to me. He suddenly came across me. 'Come across' (milna) ke saath **'to' extra** hai.

4. Extra Words (Redundancy) ๐Ÿ—‘️

Kuch Hindi expressions ko seedha translate karne se extra words aa jaate hain.

Error (Galat) Correction (Sahi) Logic (Kyun?)
Why he is late? Why is he late? Question mein **Helping Verb (is) Subject (he) se pehle** aata hai.
I will revert back to you. I will revert to you. 'Revert' ka matlab hi **'come back'** hai, toh 'back' redundant (extra) hai.
The reason is because... The reason is that... **Reason aur because** ek saath use nahi hote (ya toh 'The reason is that...' ya sirf 'because...').
Please discuss about the issue. Please discuss the issue. 'Discuss' ka matlab hi **'talk about'** hai, toh 'about' extra hai.

5. Subject-Verb Agreement Ki Galtiyan (Chapter 17 Revision)

Error (Galat) Correction (Sahi) Logic (Kyun?)
One of the boys are missing. One of the boys is missing. Main Subject **'One' (Singular)** hai, isliye 'is' aayega.
The news are interesting. The news is interesting. 'News' hamesha **Singular** mani jaati hai.

๐Ÿ”‘ Chapter 18 Takeaway

Apni **Common Errors** ko theek karna **fluency** ke liye bahut zaroori hai. Agar aap inn mistakes ko bolchaal mein kam kar dete hain, toh aapki English turant **polished** lagne lagegi. Inn tables ko zaroor dhyan se padhna! ๐Ÿ˜‰

Chapter 17: Subject-Verb Agreement | English Grammer in Hinglish

• ⏱ 3 min read

Chapter 17: Subject-Verb Agreement

1. Agreement Ka Basic Rule (SVS PVS)

Subject-Verb Agreement ka matlab hai:

  • Agar Subject Singular (ek vachan) hai, toh Verb bhi Singular hogi. (SVS)
  • Agar Subject Plural (bahut vachan) hai, toh Verb bhi Plural hogi. (PVS)

Basic Examples (Simple Present Tense Mein)

Subject Verb Rule Example (Hinglish)
Singular (He, She, It, Ravi) Verb mein 's/es' lagta hai. He runs fast. (Ravi comes here.)
Plural (I, We, You, They) Verb mein 's/es' nahi lagta (Base Form, V1). They run fast. (We come here.)

2. Confusing Cases (Jahan Galti Hoti Hai) ๐Ÿšซ

Subject-Verb Agreement mein aksar galti in situations mein hoti hai:

A. Prepositional Phrases (In the Middle)

Jab Subject aur Verb ke beech mein koi **Prepositional Phrase** aa jaaye, toh Verb hamesha **main Subject** ke anusaar hi lagti hai.

Wrong: The list of items are missing.

Correct: The list (Singular Subject) of items is missing.

B. Joined by "And" (Aur)

Agar do Subjects 'and' se jude hon, toh woh **Plural** ho jaate hain.

Correct: Ravi and Tina (Plural Subject) are friends.

Exception: Agar 'and' se judne ke baad bhi woh **ek hi idea ya cheez** ko batayein.

Example: Bread and butter (Singular) **is** my favorite breakfast.

C. Joined by "Or," "Nor," "Either/Or," "Neither/Nor"

Jab do Subjects in words se jude hon, toh Verb hamesha **nazdeeki Subject (closest subject)** ke anusaar lagti hai.

  • Example: Neither the students nor the teacher (Singular) is present.
  • Example: Neither the teacher nor the students (Plural) are present.

D. Indefinite Pronouns (General Subjects)

Yeh Pronouns aksar **Singular** hote hain, bhale hi unka matlab bahut se logon se ho.

  • Always Singular: Each, Every, Either, Neither, Everyone, Somebody, Nothing.
  • Correct: Each of the students **has** a book. / Everyone (Singular) **is** happy.
  • Always Plural: Both, Few, Many, Several.
  • Correct: Many of the people **were** late.

E. Collective Nouns (Group)

  • Agar group ko **ek unit** maana jaaye, toh Singular Verb.
  • Agar group ke **members ko alag-alag** maana jaaye, toh Plural Verb.

Example (Unit): The team (Unit) is playing well.

Example (Separate): The team (Members) are fighting among themselves.


3. Usage with Auxiliaries (Helping Verbs ke Saath) ๐Ÿ› ️

Singular/Plural rule **Auxiliary Verbs** (*do/does, has/have, is/am/are*) par bhi lagoo hota hai:

Auxiliary Singular Subject (He/She/It) Plural Subject (I/We/You/They)
Do/Does He/She/It does I/We/They/You do
Has/Have He/She/It has I/We/They/You have
Is/Are He/She/It is We/They/You are

Correct: She does not like it. / They have finished the work.

๐Ÿ”‘ Chapter 17 Takeaway

Subject-Verb Agreement **fluency aur shuddhta** ke beech ka link hai. Hamesha **Subject ko pehchano**, uski ginti dekho, aur phir **Singular Subject ke saath Singular Verb** lagaao. Yeh rule har jagah kaam aayega! ๐Ÿ˜‰

Chapter 16: Phrasal Verbs | English Grammer in Hinglish

• ⏱ 3 min read

Chapter 16: Phrasal Verbs

1. Phrasal Verb Kya Hai? (Definition)

Role: Phrasal Verb ek Verb aur ek ya do **Preposition ya Adverb** (jinhe **Particle** kehte hain) ka combination hota hai.

Result: Yeh combination ek **naya matlab** deta hai jo original verb se alag ho sakta hai.

  • Example: **Look** (Dekhna) + **Up** (Upar) = **Look up** (Dictionary mein **dhoondna**).

2. Commonly Used Phrasal Verbs (Fluency Ke Liye) ๐Ÿš€

Yeh woh phrasal verbs hain jo roz ki bol-chaal mein sabse zyada use hote hain:

Phrasal Verb Matlab (Hinglish) Example (Hinglish)
Give up Haar maan lena / Chhod dena. Tumhe try karte rehna chahiye, **haar mat maano**. ($\rightarrow$ Don't **give up**.)
Call off Cancel kar dena. Baarish ki wajah se match **cancel ho gaya**. ($\rightarrow$ The match was **called off**.)
Look after Khayal rakhna. Kya tum mere dog ka **khayal rakhoge**? ($\rightarrow$ Will you **look after** my dog?)
Take off Hata dena / (Plane ka) Udna. Plane **udaan bharne wala hai**. ($\rightarrow$ The plane is about to **take off**.)
Put off Taal dena (Postpone). Meeting kal tak **taal di gayi**. ($\rightarrow$ The meeting was **put off** until tomorrow.)
Go on Jaari rakhna (Continue). Apna kaam **jaari rakho**. ($\rightarrow$ **Go on** with your work.)
Find out Pata lagana (Discover). Usne sach **pata laga liya**. ($\rightarrow$ He **found out** the truth.)
Bring up Baat uthana (Raise a topic) ya Paalna-posna. Usne meeting mein woh sawaal **uthaya**. ($\rightarrow$ She **brought up** that question.)
Turn down Mana kar dena (Reject). Usne meri offer **thukra di**. ($\rightarrow$ She **turned down** my offer.)
Run into Achanak milna (Meet by chance). Main bazaar mein apne purane dost se **mil gaya**. ($\rightarrow$ I **ran into** my old friend.)

3. Phrasal Verbs Ka Structure (Transitive vs. Intransitive)

Phrasal verbs ko sentence mein use karne ke do tareeke hote hain:

A. Inseparable (Alag Nahi Hote)

Ismein verb aur particle **hamesha saath** rehte hain. Object inke baad aata hai.

  • Example: I **look after** (V+P) my parents (Object).
  • Incorrect: I look my parents after.

B. Separable (Alag Ho Sakte Hain)

Agar Object ek **Noun** ho, toh aap verb aur particle ko **alag kar sakte hain**.

Agar Object ek **Pronoun** (*him, her, it*) ho, toh **alag karna zaroori** hai.

  • Example (Separable Noun): **Switch on** the light. OR **Switch** the light **on**.
  • Example (MUST Separate with Pronoun): **Switch it on**. (**Correct**)
  • Incorrect: Switch on it.

๐Ÿ”‘ Chapter 16 Takeaway

Phrasal Verbs aapki English ko **dynamic** banate hain. Inke matlab ko **yaad karna zaroori hai**, na ki sirf words ko. **Roz ki bol-chaal** mein inka use aapki fluency ko **next level** par le jayega. Lagatar practice karte raho! ๐Ÿ˜‰

Chapter 15: Clauses | English Grammer in Hinglish

• ⏱ 3 min read

Chapter 15: Clauses

1. Clause Kya Hai? (The Building Block)

Role: Ek Clause words ka woh group hai jismein ek **Subject** aur ek **Verb** hota hai. Yeh sentence ka **zaroori hissa** hota hai.

  • Hinglish Example: Main yahan **kaam karta hoon** (I work here).

Clauses Ke Prakar (Main Types)

Clauses do (2) tarah ke hote hain, aur inhi se **complex sentences** bante hain:

  • Main/Independent Clause: Yeh woh clause hai jo **akela khada ho sakta hai** aur **poora matlab** deta hai.
    Example: The train arrived.
  • Subordinate/Dependent Clause: Yeh woh clause hai jo **poora matlab nahi deta** aur **Main Clause par depend** karta hai.
    Yeh hamesha Subordinating Conjunction (jaise: *because, when, that, who*) se shuru hota hai.
    Example: **When the train arrived** (Kya hua jab train aayi? Matlab adhoora hai).

Complex Sentence Example: When the train arrived (Dependent), we started the journey (Independent).

2. Subordinate Clauses Ke Types (The Three Functions)

Dependent Clause teen (3) tarah ke hote hain, aur yeh sentences mein **Noun, Adjective, ya Adverb** ki tarah kaam karte hain:

Clause Type & Role Identify Kaise Karein (The Conjunction) Example (Hinglish $\rightarrow$ English)
A. Noun Clause (เคธंเคœ्เคžा เค‰เคชเคตाเค•्เคฏ)
Role: Sentence mein **Noun** ki tarah kaam karta hai (Subject/Object/Complement).		 'What' ka jawab deta hai. Yeh aksar 'that', 'who', 'what', 'where' se shuru hota hai. Jo kuch usne kaha, woh sach tha.
$\rightarrow$ What he said was true. (Subject ki jagah)
B. Adjective Clause (เคตिเคถेเคทเคฃ เค‰เคชเคตाเค•्เคฏ)
Role: Sentence mein **Adjective** ki tarah kaam karta hai, yaani Noun ya Pronoun ko **describe** karta hai.		 Noun ke theek baad aata hai. Yeh aksar Relative Pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that) se shuru hota hai. Woh ladka jo kal aaya tha, mera bhai hai.
$\rightarrow$ The boy who came yesterday is my brother. (Boy ko describe kar raha hai)
C. Adverb Clause (เค•्เคฐिเคฏाเคตिเคถेเคทเคฃ เค‰เคชเคตाเค•्เคฏ)
Role: Sentence mein **Adverb** ki tarah kaam karta hai. Batata hai ki action **kab, kahan, kyun, ya kis shart par** hua.		 Yeh aksar when, where, because, although, if se shuru hota hai. Hum ruk gaye kyunki traffic tha.
$\rightarrow$ We stopped because there was traffic. (Batata hai 'stopped' action kyun hua)

๐Ÿ”‘ Chapter 15 Takeaway

Clauses aapki baat ko **detailed aur complex** banate hain. Jab aap Noun, Adjective, aur Adverb Clauses ka sahi use sikh lete hain, toh aapki English sirf simple sentences tak **seemit nahi rehti**. Yeh advanced level hai! ๐Ÿ˜‰

Chapter 14: Conditional Sentences | English Grammer in Hinglish

• ⏱ 3 min read

Chapter 14: Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentences woh sentences hote hain jismein **do clauses (hisse)** hote hain:

  • If-Clause (Condition): Shart (Agar aisa hota...).
  • Main Clause (Result): Nateeja (Toh yeh **hoga/hua**).

Yeh char (4) mukhya types ke hote hain:

1. Zero Conditional (Universal Truth/Fact) ๐Ÿ’ฏ

Yeh woh shartein hain jinka result hamesha **100% sach** hota hai (scientific fact, ya general truth).

Structure (Hinglish) If-Clause (Condition) Main Clause (Result) Example (English)
If + Simple Present, Simple Present Agar tum paani **garam karte ho**, toh woh **ubalta hai**. If you **heat** water, it **boils**.
Use Case Hinglish Example
Facts aur Aadatein. Jab main der se **uthta hoon**, main bus **miss karta hoon**.

2. First Conditional (Real/Likely Future) ๐Ÿ—“️

Yeh woh shartein hain jinka future mein pura hona **possible hai** (likely to happen).

Structure (Hinglish) If-Clause (Condition) Main Clause (Result) Example (English)
If + Simple Present, Simple Future (will + V1) Agar tum mehnat **karoge**, toh tum **pass ho jaoge**. If you **study** hard, you **will pass**.
Use Case Hinglish Example
Plans aur Possible Future ke liye. Agar **baarish hoti hai**, toh hum **ghar par rahenge**.

3. Second Conditional (Unreal Present/Future) ๐Ÿ’ญ

Yeh woh shartein hain jo abhi (present) ya future mein **possible nahi hain**, ya **impossible lagti hain** (imaginary situation).

Structure (Hinglish) If-Clause (Condition) Main Clause (Result) Example (English)
If + Simple Past, Would + V1 Agar main rich **hota**, toh main car **kharidta**. If I **were** rich, I **would buy** a car.

Note:

**'I/He/She'** ke saath bhi **'were'** zyada correct mana jaata hai Second Conditional mein (e.g., If I **were** rich).

Use Case Hinglish Example
Hypothetical situations aur Wishes. Agar main uska number **jaanta**, toh main **call karta**. (Lekin main uska number **nahi jaanta**.)

4. Third Conditional (Unreal Past/Regret) ๐Ÿ˜”

Yeh woh shartein hain jo **past mein possible thi**, par **ab time nikal chuka** hai (regret ya aalochana).

Structure (Hinglish) If-Clause (Condition) Main Clause (Result) Example (English)
If + Past Perfect, Would have + V3 Agar tumne call **kiya hota**, toh main **aa gaya hota**. If you **had called**, I **would have come**.
Use Case Hinglish Example
Past ki galti ya lost opportunities par afsos. Agar woh **jaldi nikle hote**, toh unki train **miss nahi hoti**.

๐Ÿ”‘ Chapter 14 Takeaway

Conditional Sentences mein **Tenses ka combination** sabse zaroori hai. **If-Clause** mein kabhi bhi 'will' use nahi hota. **Second Conditional (would + V1)** aur **Third Conditional (would have + V3)** aapki English ko sabse zyada **advance** banate hain. In formulas ko rat lo! ๐Ÿ˜‰